British Government Policy
In 1967 the British Government became increasingly fearful about the potential consequences of its largesse in granting British Nationality in its colonies in the 1950 and early 1960s. The Labour Government of the time therefore passed an Act of Parliament distinguishing between British passports issued in Britain and those issued abroad in the colonies. Holders of the latter effectively lost their right to enter Britain and this sparked an overnight exodus of Indians from Tanzania, Kenya and Uganda to Britain before the Bill went into effect. This action by the British Government of barring its own nationals from entering the country, unprecedented in modern legal history, had the effect of marooning thousands of Indians with British Nationality in East Africa. The seeds for a human disaster had been sown.
A timeline through the years, where British Nationality, Race Relations and Immigration Acts changed the course of history for Asians from Uganda.
1938 | British Medical Association objects to the number of Jewish doctors arriving in Britain |
1945 | Second World War ends. The British Government (Labour) attempts to send back wartime workers to it's colonies. A Substantial flow of immigrants from Ireland |
1947 | Polish people homeless because of the War and are invited to come to UK |
1948 | British Nationality Act is passed. It gives citizenship to people from ex-colonies. Enshrines the right of the Commonwealth citizens to enter the UK, work, settle and bring families. |
1949 | Royal Commission on Population report, argues that immigrants should be encouraged only if they are of "good human stock" |
1950 | Private member's bill to outlaw racial discrimination fails to be passed (Labour govt) |
1951 | Conservatives win election |
1954 | Law to limit immigration to UK considered but not presented to parliament |
1956 | Private Member's Bill to outlaw racial discrimination in public places fails to be passed (Conservative govt) |
1958 | Street violence against black people in Nottingham and Notting Hill |
1959 | Conservatives win election |
1960 | Birmingham Immigration Control Association set up (pressure group against immigration) |
1961 | Campaign for immigration control contributes to large rise in immigration to 'beat the ban' |
1962 | Commonwealth Immigrants Act (Conservative Govt. restricts admission of Commonwealth settlers to those who had been issued with employment vouchers. Entry control established and conviction of an offence within five years of arrival leading to deportation.) |
1964 | Labour win election. Labour government renews immigration control |
1965 | White Paper on Immigration from the Commonwealth: Reduction in annual number of entry vouchers to 8500, to be given largely to skilled/professional workers. 1000 of these are given to Malta (Labour govt). Race Relations Act makes some discrimination unlawful. Establishment of Race Relations Board and National Committee for Commonwealth Immigrants. |
1966 | Labour wins election. First national report on extent of racial discrimination |
1967 | National Front founded. Joint Council for the Welfare of Immigrants is established. |
1968 | London passes the Commonwealth Immigration Act which restricts entry into the U.K. to only those British passport holders who can conclusively prove a 'continuing relationship' with Britain. This stipulation means that either of the parents or one of the grand parents of a person aspiring for free entry into Britain must have been born in Britain. Obviously, such a condition cannot be satisfied by most of the persons of Indian origin in Kenya, and later in Uganda. |
1969 | Major survey of British race relations is published. |
1970 | Conservatives win election |
1971 | New immigration Act replaces acts of 1962 and 1968, moving away from work vouchers scheme and this tightens controls. Home Office sets up its own race relations research unit, and establishes "partiality" grandfather clause. This virtually ends all primary immigration. |
1972 | A serious crisis erupts in Uganda when Idi Amin ousts President Milton Obote after a military coup. On 9th August 1972, he announces the issue of a decree expelling, within 90 days, all persons of Asian origin who are citizens of the U.K., India, Pakistan or Bangladesh. Ten days later, he decrees that even Ugandan citizens of Asian origin are to be expelled. In this year approximately 27,000 Asians are admitted to UK. |
1974 | Labour win election Second national report on extent of racial discrimination and disadvantage |
1976 | New Race Relations Act - Commission for Racial Equality established. Rise in support for National Front in May elections, but no seats won. Notting Hill carnival involves clashes between young blacks and the police. |
1978 | Conservatives propose tougher immigration legislation. |
1979 | Conservatives win election. National Front fragments after disastrous election results |
1981 | British Nationality Act passed. Creates three categories of citizenship: British Citizenship; Citizenship of British Dependent Territories; British Overseas Citizenship. |
1983 | Conservatives win election |
1986 | Visa controls imposed on visitors from India, Nigeria, Ghana, Pakistan and Bangladesh Second Home Office report on racial attacks. Immigration Act, controls tightened |
1987 | Conservatives win election. Four Black/Asian Labour MPs |
1988 | Immigration Act, controls tightened |
1989 | Government (Conservative) grants citizenship to 225,000 people from Hong Kong, mostly Chinese. |
1990 | British Nationality (Hong Kong) Act, limits numbers that can come to UK. |
1992 | Conservatives win election. 6 Ethnic minority MP's elected, black Conservative candidate loses at Cheltenham First Asian judge appointed. |
1997 | European Year Against Racism. Labour wins election |
1998 | Human Rights Act 1998 is passed |
1999 | Several police forces acknowledge existence of institutionalised racism Targets set for ethnic minority recruitment in most public services Growth of asylum seekers from eastern Europe, increases controls. Immigration and Asylum Act passed The National Asylum Support Service set up by Home office |
2000 | Race Relations (Amendment) Act 2000 provides general duties on public bodies |
2001 | Labour wins election. Riots in Oldham, Burnley and Bradford Anti-terrorism Crime and Security Bill passed which includes streamlining immigration procedures. |
2002 | Blunkett ends passports injustice, 34 years on - British citizens who were left stateless when the 1968 Labour government closed the door on the entry of east African Asians are finally to be given the opportunity to take up full British citizenship. (Read the Article) |